Análise microscópica e ultraestrutural das glândulas salivares mandibulares de Procyon cancrivorus / Microscopy and ultrastructural analysis of mandibular salivary glands of Procyon cancrivorus

Devido a importância ecológica dos Procyon cancrivorus, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfologicamente e ultra estruturalmente a glândula salivar mandibular desta espécie. Foram utilizadas 10 pares (direita e esquerda) de glândulas salivares mandibulares de cinco animais adultos. As glândulas salivares mandibulares foram dissecadas e mensuradas com paquímetro de precisão e posteriormente processadas por técnica rotineira de histologia e coradas por HE (hematoxilina e eosina) e Picrossírius. Fragmentos das glândulas foram processados para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As glândulas salivares mandibulares direitas e esquerdas de P. cancrivorus apresentaram-se lobuladas, formato ovalado, e posicionadas entre a fossa atlantis e o osso basihyoideum do crânio. Microscopicamente, estas glândulas estavam revestidas por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo denso não modelado, a qual adentra a glândula através de septos, dividindo-a em lóbulos. Nos septos de tecido conjuntivo estão presentes vasos sanguíneos e nervos, além de ductos interlobulares excretores. Dentro dos lóbulos das glândulas salivares mandibulares, são encontrados ductos do tipo estriado e intercalar, além de predomínio de ácinos do tipo mucoso. Os resultados permitem concluir que as glândulas salivares mandibulares dos Procyon cancrivorus, seguem o padrão estrutural descrito em outras espécies de mamíferos. No entanto os tipos de ácinos podem variar entre as espécies, sendo, portanto, necessários futuros estudos histoquímicos e de biologia celular para desvendar a importância dessa variação para a espécie aqui estudada, comparando com seu hábito alimentar.

Due to the ecological importance of Procyon cancrivorus, the aim of this study was to characterize morphologically and ultrastructurally the mandibular salivary gland of this specie. We used 10 pairs (right and left) of mandibular salivary glands from five adult animals. The mandibular salivary glands were dissected and measured by precision calipers and later processed by histological routine technique, stained by HE (hematoxylin and eosin) and Picrossirius. Fragments of the glands were processed for analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mandibular salivary gland, right and left from P. cancrivorus presents lobulated and oval-shape, and it was positioned between the fossa atlantis and basihyoideum ossis of skull. Microscopically, these glands are lined by a capsule formed by dense irregular connective tissue, which enters into the gland by septa, dividing it into lobules. Into the septa of connective tissue were present blood vessels and nerves, and interlobular excretory ducts. Inside the lobes of the mandibular salivary glands, striatum and intermediate-type ducts are found, and the predominance of mucous acini was observed. The results indicate that the mandibular salivary glands of Procyon cancrivorus, follows the structural pattern described in other mammalian species. However the types of acini may vary among species, and thus further histochemical and cell biology studies are required in order to uncover the significance of this variation for the specie here studied, according with their feeding habit.

Morphological study of the cervical salivary glands in the nine-banded armadillo / Estudio morfológico de las glándulas salivales cervicales en el armadillo de nueve-bandas

The cervical salivary glands of the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus was examined by light microscopy. These glands are situated on either side of the neck, divide in lobes and show a presence of a salivary bladder, associated with the main ducts of the gland. This gland is histologically a typical mixed glands, containing both mucous and serous elements, with mucous acini as the predominant secretory unit. The bladder itself is composed of a wall made up of pseudostratified epithelium, skeletal muscle and connective tissue. In general, the morphology of the cervical salivary glands appears similar to that described in other species of the mammals.

Las glándulas salivales cervicales del armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus fueron examinadas por microscopía de luz. Estas glándulas se encuentran a ambos lados del cuello, divididas en lóbulos y muestran la presencia de una vejiga salival, asociada con los principales conductos de la glándula. Esta glándula es histológicamente una típica glándula mixta, que contiene tanto elementos mucosos y serosos, con acinos mucosos como la principal unidad secretora. La vejiga en sí se compone de una pared formada por epitelio pseudoestratificado, músculo esquelético y tejido conectivo. En general, la morfología de las glándulas salivales cervicales parece similar a la descrita en otras especies de mamíferos.

Anatomía microscópica de las glándulas salivales por medio de una técnica histológica convencional y no convencional / Microscopio anatomy of the salivary glands for mean of conventional and not-conventional histologic technique

Las técnicas de fijación y conservación permiten detener los procesos de desorganización de los tejidos y son necesarios para analizar la anatomía microscópica de ellos. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las características histológicas de las glándulas parótida y submandibular obtenidas a partir de tres cadáveres humanos fijados y conservados mediante: a) solución conservadora en base a formaldehido (muestra I) y b) cámara de frío por 12 horas (muestra II), ambas muestras procesados para hematoxilina-eosina (H-E); c) plastinación con resina epóxica (muestra III) y procesado para H-E y con azul de metileno- eosina sin inclusión previa. Se analizaron las características de los adenómeros y sistema de conductos glandulares. Las mejores características se encontraron en la muestra II, con un buen nivel de detalle en el parénquima glandular, una mayor basofilia se presentó en la muestra I. La muestra III presentó un bajo nivel de detalle a la observación microscópica, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron utilizando azul de metileno. Las mayores dificultades en el procesamiento histológico de las piezas plastinadas se encontraron en el corte y en el tiempo necesario para la tinción. Los resultados sugieren que es posible obtener preparaciones histológicas a partir de necropsias en cadáveres fijados y conservados para la docencia e investigación anatómica.

The techniques of fixation and conservation allow to stop the processes of tissues disorganization and they are necessary to analyze the microscopic anatomy of them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the histologic characteristic of the parotid and submandibular glands obtained from three human cadavers fixed and conserved by means of: a) conservative solution based on formaldehyde (Sample I) and b) camera of cold for 12 hours (Sample II), both samples processed for hematoxilin-eosin (H-E); c) plastination with epoxic resin (Sample III) and processed for H-E and with methylene blue - eosin without previous inclusion. The characteristics of the adenomer and glandular ducts system were analyzed. The best characteristics were in the sample II, with a good detail level in the glandular parenchyma, a greater basophilia was presented in the sample I. The sample III it presented a low detail level to the microscopic observation, the best results were obtained using methylene blue. The biggest difficulties in the histologic process of the plastinated specimens were in the cut and time for tintion. The results suggest that it is possible to obtain histologic preparations from autopsies in fixed cadavers and conserved for teaching and anatomical investigation.

Punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF) y estudio histológico de fragmentos titulares en glándulas salivales mayores / Fine needle aspiration biopsy and histologic study of major salivary gland fragments

Objetivo: estudiar la efectividad de los extendidos y fragmentos obtenidos a través de la PAAF en glándulas salivales mayores. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre PAAF y estudio de fragmentos titulares en glándulas salivales. Se punzaron 21 masas en glándulas salivales mayores y los resultados fueron comparados con el estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica en caso de que estuviera indicado. Se realizaron 21 PAAF y se obtuvo 15 extendidos satisfactorios (71 por ciento). El resultado de las PAAF sugirió la presencia de 9 tumores benignos, tres lesiones infecciosas, una lesión linfoproliferativa y 2 metástasis. Fue posible tomar fragmentos con la PAAF en 5 casos y en4 fueron efectivos en el diagnóstico. Se evitó realizar cirugías innecesarias en 4 casos (26 por ciento). El uso combinado de extendidos citológicos y fragmentos obtenidos por PAAF es una alternativa valiosa para el diagnóstico preoperatorio de lesiones que afectan glándulas salivales mayores; de todas maneras hacen falta más estudios sobre el uso combinado de ellos

Programmed cell death in the larval salivary glands of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae).

The morphological and histochemical features of degeneration in honeybee (Apis mellifera) salivary glands were investigated in 5th instar larvae and in the pre-pupal period. The distribution and activity patterns of acid phosphatase enzyme were also analysed. As a routine,the larval salivary glands were fixed and processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Tissue sections were subsequently stained with haematoxylin -eosin,bromophenol blue,silver,or a variant of the critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) method.Ultrathin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.Glands were processed for the histochemical and cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase,as well as biochemical assay to detect its activity pattern. Acid phosphatase activity was histochemically detected in all the salivary glands analysed.The cytochemical results showed acid phosphatase in vesicles, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes during the secretory phase and,additionally, in autophagic structures and luminal secretion during the degenerative phase. These findings were in agreement with the biochemical assay. At the end of the 5th instar, the glandular cells had a vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei, and epithelial cells were shed into the glandular lumen.The transition phase from the 5th instar to the pre-pupal period was characterized by intense vacuolation of the basal cytoplasm and release of parts of the cytoplasm into the lumen by apical blebbing; these blebs contained cytoplasmic RNA, rough endoplasmic reticule and, occasionally, nuclear material. In the pre-pupal phase, the glandular epithelium showed progressive degeneration so that at the end of this phase only nuclei and remnants of the cytoplasm were observed.The nuclei were pyknotic,with peripheral chromatin and blebs. The gland remained in the haemolymph and was recycled during metamorphosis. The programmed cell death in this gland represented a morphological form intermediate between apoptosis and autophagy.

Histological And ultrastructural study on the effect of on the submandibular salivary gland and the role of transforming growth factor-alfa [in albine rats]

Tartrazine is a food colouring additive commonly used in Egyptian food industry. This study was done on 15 male albino rats divided into two groups. A control group and a study group. Rats of the study group were given a daily oral dose of tartrazine for 14 weeks. The study was done to investigate the effect of tartrazine on the structure of the submandibular salivary gland, by using light and electron microscopes. The results revealed ill formed vaculated and ruptured salivary acini together with abnormal salivary duct system in serous and mucous acini multicellular demilunes were seen. UItrastructur results showed close faced heterochromatic nuclei surrounded by irregular indistinct, nucleus envelop together with less folding and loss of cellular boundaries mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were decreased, TGFa activity was weak in the study group compared to their controls. This study recommended to limit the use of colouring food additives and to be used under control

Ultrastructure of the thoracic salivary glands of Polistes versicolor (Olivier, 1791) (hymenoptera, vespida)

The salivary system of the Vespidae consists of mandibular, hypopharyngeal and salivary (thoracic) glands. Thoracic salivary glands are related to the foraging activities, adult-adult and adult-larvae trophalaxis, larval feeding and nest construction. The study of these glands is important to understand the mechanisms of secretion and their relation with behavorial habits. In this report we describe the ultrastructure of the thoracic salivary glands of adult Polistes versicolor. The glands were excised from anesthetized specimens and fixed in 2, 5 per cent glutaraldehyde in 0, 1M sodium cacodylate, pH 7, 2, post-fixed in 1 per cent OsO4 in the same buffer and dehydrated in ethanol series. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the thoracic salivary glands has a secretory portion consisting of pseudoacini. Each pseudoacinose secretory unit included a central cell (TA) surrounded by several parietal cells (TB). From these pseudoacini, canaliculi arose and fused to form the main ducts (ducts 1, 2 and 3 of increasing diameter). The duct system was formed by epithelial type C (TC) cells, but lacked a reservoir. Type D (TD) cells occurred near the base of duct 2. These findings indicate that P. versicolor thoracic salivary glands consist of several cell types that have specific roles in secretion biosynthesis (TA), modification (TB, TC, TD) and transport (TC).

Ultrastructure of the ectal mandibular gland of the paper-WASPPolistes versicolor (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

The ultrastructural features of the ectal mandibular glands of the paper wasp Polistes versicolor are described. Theseglands contained a secretory portion and a sac-shaped reservoir. Muscle fibers were observed around the secretorycells close to where slender ducts arose to reach the reservoir sac. These fibers were probably involved in the releaseof secretion. The early secretory cells contained rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex with varying features,as well as the mitochondria necessary to sustain the energy requirements for the secretory activity. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum appeared only during the late stages of the secretion cycle. Synthesis and secretion occurred simultaneouslyand continuously within each cell, with the secretory cycle being essentially asynchronous throughout the gland. Thecells of the reservoir wall differed from those in other hymenopterans by their lack of a dense cuticle lining the lumen.These cells also produced lipids that probably will contribute to the ultimate composition of the secretion.

Effect of ciprofloxacin on the submadibular salivary gland of adult male albino rat: a light and electron microscopic study

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. This work was done to evaluate the histological and histochemical changes induced by ciprofloxacin administration on the structure of submandibular gland of rats. It also aimed to predict the possibility of recovery after drug withdrawal. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into three equal groups: 8 rats each. Group I was the control group. Group II included animals, which received the therapeutic dose of ciprofloxacin [90 mg/kg/day] for 10 days. Group III consisted of animals, which received the therapeutic dose of ciprofloxacin for 10 days and left to recover for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were decapitated and the submandibular glands were dissected out. They were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. In Group II there were focal areas in the submandibular gland where the acini were almost disorganized. The acinar cells showed variable degrees of degeneration. The striated and convoluted ducts as well were affected. Some of their lining epithelium showed cytoplasmic vacuolations. There was a noticeable diminution in both the mucopolysaccharides and protein contents in the gland. However, these changes were seen to be reversible and the submandibular gland of rats in group III appeared more or less similar to the control

Estudos do intestino médio (influência da alimentação sangüinea na musculatura e síntese da matriz peritrófica) e da glândula salivar de flebotomíneos vetores e a descrição de um nematódeo entomoparasita / Studies of the midgut (influence of the blood feeding in the muscle and synthesis of the peritrophic matrix) and of the salivary gland of phlebotomines vectors and the described of a entomoparasite nematodes

Flebotomíneos são insetos hematófagos e vetores Leishmania, a qual é transmitida durante a sua alimentação sangüínea. Durante este processo, o hospedeiro responde com reações inflamatória e hemostática. Todavia, a saliva do flebotomíneo contém substâncias farmacológicas ativas que são capazes de prevenir a contração vascular, e conseqüentemente, a retenção do sangue. O alimento sangüíneo é armazenado e digerido no intestino médio que se distende. As células do intestino médio sintetizam uma estrutura sacular que circunda o alimento, denominada matriz peritrófica (MP), Com o intuito de melhor compreender a biologia do vetor, este estudo analisa em detalhes, a morfologia, anatomia e ultra estrutura da glândula salivar, a musculatura do intestino médio e a formação da MP, assim como a contaminação do inseto com um entomoparasito, o qual não permite a sua alimentação sangüínea. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a os aspectos gerais da glândula salivar em diferentes flebotomíneos são similares... É relevante que estas células, de acordo com as suas ultra-estruturas e ligações por lectinas, podem ser classificadas em diferentes sub-populações mostrando distintos processos de secreção. Depois da alimentação sangüínea, a cinética da formação da MP e sua degradação no flebotomíneo foi totalmente relacionada com a ingestão e com o tempo de digestão. A MP apareceu bem formada e grossa 24 h após a alimentação sangüínea. Existem pelo menos cinco bandas protéicas na MP do flebotomíneo. A presença de quitina foi demonstrada através de imunomarcação... A marcação da actina e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram uma organização muscular no intestino médio. Os componentes musculares estão distribuídos sobre todo o intestino médio como fibras circulares e longitudinais, formando uma bem organizada rede muscular. O intestino médio abdominal sofre muitas modificações na organização desta rede muscular, a qual parece estar relacionada com a passagem do alimento sangüíneo. Finalmente, nós detectamos pela primeira vez, e morfologicamente caracterizamos, um novo entomoparasito infectando o L. longipalpis. Este achado pode ser aplicado no futuro para estudos de controle biológico do flebotomíneos vetores. Além disso, os conhecimentos relacionados com a glândula salivar e com a fisiologia do intestino médio são importantes para uma melhor compreensão do inseto vetor, o qual tem um papel fundamental na transmissão da Leishmania.

Histological study of the salivary glands in dasypus hybridus (mammalia, dasypodidae)

The histology of the salivary glands of the armadillo Dasypus hybridus (Desmarest, 1804), was studied. Two pairs of salivary glands, parotid and submaxillary, and a salivary bladder are distinguished. Parotids are located anteriorly to the submaxillary glands. They are purely serous glands and excretory intralobular ducts, intercalated and particularly striated ones, are very numerous. Submaxillary glands are of greater size. They possess two lobes, which differs in their histology and histochemistry. The anterior lobe is mixed and the presence of numerous intralobular excretory ducts is remarkable. The bigger posterior lobe is mucous. Intralobular excretory ducts are observed, but they are not as abundant as in the anterior portion.

Effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus on the morphology of rat submandibular salivary gland

This study was done to examine the response of the rat submandibular salivary glands to streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. 30 adult male albino rats were used, 15 of them as control and the rest were given a single I.V dose of streptozotocin [65mg/kg body weight] to induce diabetes. The submandibular salivary glands of both control and experimental animals were examined by light and electron microscopy at 3,6,12 weeks post treatment. There was a reduction in secretory granules content of the granular ducts and accumulation of lipid in the acinar cells. With increasing duration of diabetes, the number of secondary lysosomal structures in both acini and granular ducts was apparently increased

comparative study of the effect of some salivary stimulants on the ultrastructure of parotid acini in albino rats

Parotid gland has a dual nerve supply: sympathetic and parasympathetic. They both activate salivary secretion. Parasympathetic stimulation results in copious watery secretion whereas sympathetic stimulation results in small amount of enzyme-rich secretion. The aim of the present study was to compare between the effect of three different drugs [alpha and beta adrenergic and cholinergic] on the ultrastructure of parotid acini in albino rats. Twenty eight adult male albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into four groups: group I [control group], group II [pilocarpine group], group III [noradrenaline group] and group IV [isoproterenol group]. Group II, III and IV were further subdivided according to the duration of treatment into subgroup A that received one single injection and subgroup B that received a daily injection for seven days. 1. Pilocarpine group showed wide intercellular canaliculi of parotid acini denoting the release of profuse watery secretion. 2. Isoproterenol group revealed degranulation of serous acinar cells denoting the release of enzyme-rich secretion. 3. Noreadrenaline group showed degenerative changes in the cytoplasmic organelles as well as the nuclei of serous acinar cells. Thus, noreadrenaline is not recommended to be used clinically as a salivary stimulant

Patterns of replication in the neo-sex chromosomes of Drosophila nasuta albomicans.

Drosophila nasuta albomicans (with 2n = 6), contains a pair of metacentric neo-sex chromosomes. Phylogenetically these are products of centric fusion between ancestral sex (X, Y) chromosomes and an autosome (chromosome 3). The polytene chromosome complement of males with a neo-X- and neo-Y-chromosomes has revealed asynchrony in replication between the two arms of the neo-sex chromosomes. The arm which represents the ancestral X-chromosome is faster replicating than the arm which represents ancestral autosome. The latter arm of the neo-sex chromosome is synchronous with other autosomes of the complement. We conclude that one arm of the neo-X/Y is still mimicking the features of an autosome while the other arm has the features of a classical X/Y-chromosome. This X-autosome translocation differs from the other evolutionary X-autosome translocations known in certain species of Drosophila.

Sindrome de Sjogren (SS) / Sjogren syndrome (SS)

Atendiendo a la ineludible responsabilidad del odontólogo de profundizar en el conocimiento de aquellas enfermedades cuya manifestación clínica se evidencie en el complejo maxilofacial. El presente artículo recoge, en apretada síntesis, una visión integradora del sindrome de Sjogren (SS), abordando aspectos históricos, definición, características clínicas, epidemiología y aspectos hísticos e inmunopatológicos de las alteraciones en glándulas salivales menores. Se plantea la participación del odontólogo en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, atendiendo al conjunto de agresiones que pueden provocar alteraciones en el parénquima de las glándulas salivales menores, lo que puede ser de gran valor en la justa evaluación clínica de estos pacientes. Desde el punto de vista inmunopatológico, existe coincidencia al plantear que las células predominatnes en el infiltrado linfocítico de las glándulas salivales accesorias son las T-colaboradoras (CD4+) de 3-4:1. Las células B, constituyen aproximadamente el 20 por ciento del total de la población involucrada, mientras que las NK son las menos frecuentes (5 por ciento)

Sialadenitis crónica esclerosante inespecífica de la glándula submandibular, tumor de Kuttner: caso clínico / Chronic sclerosing unspecific sialadenitis of submandibular gland, Kuttner tumor: report of case

Chronic sclerosing unspecific sialadenitis or KYttner tumor, is an infrequent inflammatory lesion of submandibular gland. We report a 60 years old male presenting with a slowly growing, painless, bilateral submandibular tumor of two years of evolution. Pathological examinations showed marked atrophy of glandular parenchyma with increased fibrous connective tissue and an intense lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicle formation. Lymphocyte population study with kappa, lambda, CD20 and CD45RO antibodies was similar to that observed in reactive lymph nodes. There was no over expression of Bcl-2 gene protein, involved in the phenomenon of apoptosis of glandular tissue, that could explain the pathogenesis of atrophy. This protein was positive only in lymphoid cells and glandular conducts. An immune etiology, with replacement of glandular tissue by lymphoid and fibrous connective tissue is suggested

Crescimento de glândulas parótidas de ratos estimulado por tratamento crônico com isoproterenol: estudo das modificaçöes morfológicas quantitativas nos ductos estriados / Growth of rat parotid glands induced by chronic isoproterenol administration: a quantitative morphological study of the modifications in the striated ducts

As modificaçöes que sofrem os ductos estriados durante o enorme crescimento das glândulas parótidas do rato induzido por tratamento diário com cloridrato de isoproterenol por 14 dias, foram estudadas pela estereologia. Avaliamos em glândulas provenientes de ratos tratados durante 0, 3, 5, 7 e 14 dias, a densidade de volume, volume total, diâmetro externo, comprimento total, volume celular e número absoluto de células dos ductos estriados. A análise dos resultados obtidos mostrou que após 3 dias de estímulo com a droga, os ductos estriados haviam modificado a altura das células, o diâmetro externo e o comprimento total; voltando do grupo controle no 14§ dia do experimento

Structure of the salivary glands of the unfed male tick Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (Acarina: Ixodidae)

Acini in the salivary glands of unfed male Amblyomma cajennense of different ages, were studied. The salivary glands consist of one agranular and three granular acini types. The agranular acini are directly attached to the medial and anterior portion of the main salivary duct, and to some branches of the secondary ducts. A large, clear, central cell occupies the centre and this cell is in contact with the acinar lumen. There is no valve to the lumen. Granular acini consist of approximately six to fourteen cells (type II acini) or eight to thirteen (type III acini). The type II acini have three types of granular cells ("a", "b" and "c") and a valve: the type III acini have three types of granular cells ("d", "e" and "f" and a valve

Linfocitos intraepiteliales en glándulas salivales humanas / Intraepitelial lymphocytes in human salivary glands

Mediante el Microscopio Electrónico de Transmisión se estudia la presencia de linfocitos a nivel del parénquima de glándulas salivales humanas. Se comprueba la existencia de linfocitos a nivel de los diversos segmentos del parénquima glandular, siendo más frecuentes a nivel de conductos intercalares y acinos secretores. Se describen sus características ultraestructurales, situación y modalidades de relación con las células del parénquima glandular. Se compara esta morfología y localización con las correspondientes a células intraepiteliales descritas por diversos autores en parénquima de otras glándulas de secreción externa y en diversas especies, y que han recibido diferentes denominaciones ("células no epiteliales", "Hallo cells" "Células claras") y diversa interpretación. Se discute la posible significación de linfocitos a nivel del parénquima con especial referencia a la producción de inmunoglobulina (Ig A) demostrada en las glándulas salivales humanas